France - national flag
France's tricolor was created during the French Revolution in 1789 and first
hoisted in 1794. The model is said to be the Dutch flag, but the flag can also
be seen as a combination of Paris' coat of arms, red and blue, with the white
color of the bourbons.. The colors stand for "Freedom, Equality,
Brotherhood". The tricolor has been a model for a number of national flags.
- Countryaah:
What does the flag of France look like? Follow this link, then you will see
the image in PNG format and flag meaning description about this country.
France - prehistory
From the Grotte du Vallonet near Nice derives the oldest known traces of
people in Europe; a few rough tools have been excavated here, almost 1
million. years old. For approximately 1/2 million. years ago,
the acheuléen culture with its characteristic hand wedges spread across
Europe. The early, coarse hand wedges have been found at Terra Amata in Nice,
where Europe's oldest huts with fireplace and oval floor plan have been
excavated, approximately 14 m × 5 m and approximately 400,000 years old. At the entrance to
the cave Grotte du Lazaret near Nice are traces of a 150,000-year-old hut. From
here are known the oldest sleeping places, which were seaweed mattresses covered
with leather blankets. From the cave Montmaurin in the south of France
originates a lower jaw from Homo erectusor archaic Homo sapiens, approximately 400,000 years old, which is France's oldest human find. Several skeletal
parts of pre-sapiens humans are known from the Arago Cave in the Pyrenees, and
they are more than 250,000 years old. Between 100,000 and 35,000 years ago,
the moustérien culture associated with Neanderthal man flourished. Several
Neanderthal funerals are known, including in the cave La Ferrassie in the
Dordogne, which contained eight individuals in their respective tombs with a
small stone mound above. For approximately 35,000 years ago, the younger
Paleolithic era began in France with the cultures
of Aurignacia, Solutréen and Magdalénia, which was associated with modern man,
the Cro-Magnon man. The younger Paleolithic is characterized by a number of
technical advances, including a fine splitting technique, bone-thanking tools,
and jewelry. From that period, a rich art is known in the form of carved objects
found in settlements, as well as the well-known paintings and engravings of the
animal world in caves.
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AbbreviationFinder: Check three-letter abbreviation for each country in the world,
such as FRA which represents the official name of France.
In the Mesolithic period, approximately 9300-5000 BC, lived a hunter-gatherer
population whose settlements are found along the rivers, by inland lakes and by
the coasts. On the islands of Theviec and Hoëdic off Brittany, burial sites are
known from approximately 6000 BC Agriculture was introduced in the south of France
around 5000 BC. at the same time as the use of earthenware, the so-called
impression ceramics.

In central and northern France, the first peasant villages emerged in the
first half of 4000 BC. There are known up to 45 m long houses arranged in
parallel rows. They belong to the ribbon ceramic culture, which is considered
to reflect an immigration from the east. Quickly, local Neolithic cultural
groups developed, and megalithic tombs began to be erected. From Brittany are
known the oldest long mounds and megalithic tombs in Europe; Among other
things, the Barnenez long mound near Morlaix with stone-built chambers can be
dated to 4000-tfKr., and during 3000-tfKr. developed the megalithic tombs of
Brittany; in the second half of the millennium, giant tombs like Gavrinis were
built with an exquisite decoration carved on the stones. The building block rows
at Carnac and the giant building block, which was recycled in the
megalithic tombs, also belongs to this time. From around 3000 BC. known for
mining sites, exchange of stone axes and long-distance trade in jade from
northern Italy. Megalithic tombs were built all over France; especially in the
south are also known rock tombs.
In the early Bronze Age, approximately 2000 BC, there was in Brittany a culture
with rich tombs, a parallel to the English Wessex culture. The entire Bronze
Age is characterized by regional differences. Especially in eastern France,
moats with weapons and jewelry were common 1500-1200 BC, after which they went
over to urn graves in larger burial sites. The Urnemarks culture between 1200
and 700 BC, which is characterized by many fortifications, is rich in bronze
finds, especially dismantled as depots. A full body armor in bronze from
Marmesse in the East of France shows how the warrior aristocracy behaved.
From the beginning of the Iron Age in the Halstatt culture (approximately 750-450 BC),
Celtic princes with very rich tombs are known, The Vixgrave near
Châtillon-sur-Seine in eastern France with excellent Greek imported objects
brought up via the Rhône from the Greek colony of Massalia (now Marseille). From
the early part of the La Tène period (approximately 500 BC), rich Celtic princely tombs
with tanks have been found in northern France. In the last centuries before the
birth of Christ, Gallic tribes gathered around heavily fortified cities, oppida,
with artisanal neighborhoods where trade flourished and where coins were
minted. Shrines were located in or near these cities. The development of oppida
was interrupted by Roman expansion, first with the conquest of southern France
in 121-118 BC, later with Caesar's Gallic Wars 58-51 BC. and the final conquest.
France - history
According to a2zgov, with Caesar's conquest of the area in 51 BC. all of later France became part
of the Roman Empire, and an influence of Roman culture began. The central city
became Lugdunum (now Lyon). For developments in the area under Roman
rule, see Gaul.
During the 400-h. the Romans lost control of Gaul. In 418, they concluded an
agreement with the Goths, who were allowed to settle within the borders of the
Roman Empire in the province of Aquitaine. In 475, the Goth king Euric
recognized his kingdom, which included all of western Gaul south of the Loire,
as an independent state, and the following year he incorporated Provence into
his kingdom. The area east of the Goths was dominated by the Burgundians, who
had lived here since 442 with Lyon as their capital. North of Lyon there is
greater uncertainty about the distribution of power, but in each case refugees
from Britain ruled Brittany, Frankish tribes ruled the country around the Lower
Rhine, and to the east lived the Alemanni. In addition, there were certain Roman
enclaves under the leadership of Syagrius.
Merovingian period (approximately 450-751)
The following period was marked by the violent expansion of the Franks in
Gaul, led by Chlodovech. He belonged to the Merovingian family, who came to
hold the throne until 751. He succeeded in becoming king of all Franks as well
as eliminating Syagrius and the Alemanni. He defeated the Visigoths at the
Battle of Vouillé in 507 and was then able to incorporate their lands into the
Frankish Empire, with the exception of Septimania, which they retained, and
Provence, which the Goth king of Italy, Theoderic the Great, annexed. The
Franks thus made up only a small part of the population, but Chlodovech
understood to attach to the country's indigenous population, the Gallo-Romans,
to him, by accepting their faith, being baptized by a Catholic bishop, and
giving a law to the whole kingdom,Lex Salica. Clodovech is therefore
considered the creator of the Frankish Empire, not France, and it is still
debated whether the Gallo-Romans or the Franks are the ancestors of the French.
When Chlodovech died in 511, the kingdom was divided between his four
sons. The idea of the unity of the Frankish kingdom was maintained, however,
as the longest-lived of them finally in 558 took over total power. In
534 Burgundy was conquered, and in 536 Provence was ceded to the Franks. Thus,
these had finally gained access to the Mediterranean, and Marseille came to play
a significant role in the development of trade. During the same period,
expansion into present-day Germany began, and the Frankish Empire had become a
Western European superpower.
However, the empire was again divided in 561, and rivalry between the kings
weakened the power of the Franks. At the end of the 500-t. there was actually a
threefold division of the empire: Austrasia, which included the
northeastern part of Gaul, as well as parts of present-day Germany, Neustria,
which formed the northern and western part, and Burgundy, which was
the southeastern part. Admittedly, the three kingdoms were at times united in
different combinations, but as the interests of the great men in the parts of
the kingdom were different, the development also became different; the
Merovingians were gradually reduced to shadow kings. The actual management of
the parts of the kingdom lay with the majores domus ('the house masters '),
and only after the Battle of Tertry in 687 couldPippin II, who had been major
domus in Austrasia from 680, again united the Frankish Empire under his
leadership. He belonged to the Carolingians, as they were later called, and
that family dominated the Frankish Empire for the next 300 years, first as
majores domus and later as kings and emperors.
His successor, Karl Martel, succeeded in seizing power in the three parts of
the kingdom. He later in history became best known for in the Battle of
Poitiers in 732 having halted the expansion of the Arabs to the north from
Spain, where they had subjugated the Goths in 711.
The Carolingian era
France under Charlemagne.
John Fowlie.
License: Limited use
Karl Martel's son Pippin III the Little deposed in 751 the Merovingian king
and took over the office himself.
During the reign of Charlemagne 768-814, the Frankish Empire experienced its
culmination. In the long term, Karl carried out a reorganization of the
administration so that it was based on a strong central government, which in
principle was to regulate all matters in the kingdom. Royal envoys, missi
dominici, were to check that the local administration under counts and
bishops complied with the royal laws or capitulars. He tried to make agriculture
more efficient by giving directions to the operation of his land holdings. He
linked a number of scholars of the time to his court in Aachen, and through
their studies of the writers, artists and architects of the past, the ideals of
antiquity were revived (see Carolingian Renaissance). He also arranged the
affairs of the church after the decay of the previous centuries. In the context
of foreign policy, he waged a series of bloody wars against the Saxons in
772-804, which were eventually defeated and forcibly baptized. In Central
Europe, he again brought to justice the people who had liberated themselves
under the Merovingians, and he created a buffer zone in northern Spain against
the Arabs. He also became involved in conditions in Italy, 774 defeating the
Lombards and incorporating northern Italy into his empire, and he maintained his
father, Pippins, donation to the Roman bishop of Patrimonium Petri('Peter's
inheritance'), which became one of the preconditions for the medieval
papacy. The culmination of Charles' formal position of power took place on
Christmas Day 800 in Rome, when the pope crowned him emperor, but the political
game behind it seems so speculated that it is not clear today which of the two
was the initiator.
It was not until the Treaty of Aachen in 812 that the Byzantine
Empire recognized Charles' new dignity. Charles the Great thus came to occupy a
strong position of territorial power, and it is therefore natural that he is
involved in the past of both France and Germany as a precondition for their
national histories.
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War or read about France in general.
Frankish and French kings |
The Carolingians |
751-68 |
Pippin 3. the Little |
768-814 |
Karl the Great |
814-40 |
Louis 1. the Pious |
840-43 |
civil war |
843-77 |
Charles II the Bald |
877-79 |
Louis II the Stammende |
879-82 |
Louis III and Charles |
882-84 |
Karloman |
884-87 |
Karl 3. |
888-98 |
Odo |
898-923 |
Charles III the Simple |
922-23 |
Robert 1. |
923-36 |
Rudolf of Burgundy |
936-54 |
Ludvig 4. |
954-86 |
Lothar |
986-87 |
Louis 5. the Lazy |
The house Capet |
|
987-96 |
Hugo 1. Capet |
996-1031 |
Robert 2. the Pious |
1031-60 |
Henry 1 |
1060-1108 |
Philip 1. |
1108-37 |
Louis 6. the Thick |
1137-80 |
Louis the Younger |
1180-1223 |
Filip 2. August |
1223-26 |
Ludvig 8. |
1226-70 |
Louis IX the Holy |
1270-85 |
Philip III the Bold |
1285-1314 |
Philip 4. the Beautiful |
1314-16 |
Louis X. the Combatable |
1316 |
Johan 1. |
1316-22 |
Philip 5. the Long |
1322-28 |
Charles IV the Beautiful |
The house Valois |
|
1328-50 |
Philip VI of Valois |
1350-64 |
Johan 2. the Good |
1364-80 |
Charles V the Wise |
1380-1422 |
Charles VI the Mad |
The house Plantagenet |
|
1422-53 |
Henry VI of England |
The house Valois |
|
1422-61 |
Charles 7. The victor |
1461-83 |
Ludvig 11. |
1483-98 |
Karl 8. |
Grenen Valois-Orléans |
|
1498-1515 |
Ludvig 12. |
Grenois Valois-Orléans-Angoulême |
|
1515-47 |
French 1. |
1547-59 |
Henry 2. |
1559-60 |
French 2. |
1560-74 |
Karl 9. |
1574-89 |
Henry 3. |
The house Bourbon |
|
1589-1610 |
Henry 4. |
1610-43 |
Louis the 13th the Righteous |
1643-1715 |
Louis XIV the Great, King of the Sun. |
1715-74 |
Ludvig 15. |
1774-92 |
Ludvig 16. |
1793-95 |
Louis XVI (titular king) |
|