 Kyrgyzstan - state flag
The flag was adopted in 1992. The yellow disc in the middle, the Sun, stands
for light and eternity. The forty rays symbolize the forty tribes that were
united to the Kyrgyz nation. In the bird's eye view, a bird's eye view is taken
from a herb, a traditional Kyrgyz shepherd's tent.
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Kyrgyzstan (History)
The origins of the Kyrgyz are disputed. The same goes for the origin of the
name kırgız ('Kyrgyz' in Kyrgyz). Probably it means original 'wilderness nomad'
(from Turkish. Kır 'wilderness' and gez' roam '), but is linked in folklore to
the Turkish church '40', presumably with 40 original tribes in a confederation
that is still an important part of the Kyrgyz self-perception.
The Kyrgyz tribesmen originally came from the area around the Tian Shan
Mountains in Central Asia; their ancestors were Turkish and Mongolian nomadic
tribes and Tian Shan's indigenous people. Not until the late 1700's. one can
speak of a common ethnic consciousness attached to the nomadic economy and the
Kyrgyz territory around Tian Shan. An actual Kyrgyz state formation did not
emerge until the Soviet era.
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In the late 1700's. the Khanate Khanate was formed in the Fergana Valley,
where Islam was already established, around the holy city of Osj. In the
early 1800's. Kokand expanded to the north and conquered the rest of present-day
Kyrgyzstan, and only now were these parts Islamized.
In 1876, Kokand was conquered by Russia, and a stream of Russian officials
and peasants followed in the wake of the conquest. Part of the Siberian Cossacks
were moved to the strategically important area between Lake Balkhash and Ala Tau -bjergkæden
where they served as the border straps. The Russian conquest created the germ of
the Kyrgyz national feeling; relations with the Russians deteriorated sharply as
Russian settlers in the late 1800-t. began cultivating the traditional grazing
lands of the nomads. Opposition to the Russians culminated in an uprising in
1916; it was brutally crushed, and many Kyrgyz fled to China.
The October Revolution of 1917 was therefore in many ways perceived as a
liberation: within the framework set by the Soviet power, the foundations were
laid for the development of a Kyrgyz state and nation, and in 1924 the
Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region was established. The area changed name and status
several times before becoming the Kyrgyz Republic in 1936. With the October
Revolution also came reform efforts. Thus, in 1921-22, a reform was carried out
in the northern regions that gave land to the peasants and democratized the
decision-making process regarding. irrigation. Similar reforms were tried in
1927-28 in the south, but here it was in fierce struggle against the basmati
movement, who represented the former religious and land-owning upper
class. During the same period, the first national cadres were trained, and a
decree of 1932 provided that the entire Kyrgyz administration in 1934 would be
staffed by Kyrgyz. However, a wave of purges initiated in 1933 interrupted this
development and wiped out virtually the entire Kyrgyz elite for the rest of the
decade. The cleansing can seen as a showdown between nomadic culture and
Moscow's desire to make the indigenous people settled.
Although Kyrgyz autonomy was officially preserved, Stalinism entailed a
growing Russian dominance. The economic modernization after World War II took
place in the cities, especially in the northern part, and was carried out by
Slavic immigrants. It largely did not affect the Kyrgyz, who were referred to
take care of agriculture, primarily sheep farming. In addition, they had
gradually become a minority in their own republic, and when young Kyrgyz moved
to the cities, they were often considered foreigners and had difficulty finding
housing, etc. It became the germ of the first independent organizations, and in
the late 1980's a real national movement arose; it began in the industrial cities
of the north, but spread rapidly to the south, where in June 1990 there were
violent clashes with the Uzbek minority.Askar Akayev of Parliament for the newly
created presidency. He became a symbol of the new Kyrgyzstan, which said goodbye
to the hitherto communist leadership. Parliament adopted a declaration of
sovereignty, and in December 1990, the country changed its name to the Republic
of Kyrgyzstan. On August 31, 1991, the republic declared independence from the
Soviet Union, and in October 1991, Akayev was elected president by the people by
direct election without any counter-candidates. Following the dissolution of the
Union the same year, Kyrgyzstan became a member of the CIS.
Akayev immediately launched economic reform, allowed significant political
liberalization, and encouraged the creation of a civil society with a free
press, and his democratic stance attracted the attention of the outside
world. But he soon encountered opposition in parliament, and he and his vice
president, Feliks Kulov (b. 1948), were repeatedly accused of
corruption. Nevertheless, he won the presidential election in 1995. However, he
became increasingly authoritarian and less democratic; in the run-up to the 2000
parliamentary and presidential elections, he banned several opposition groups
and imprisoned Kulov, his main rival for the presidency, after which he was
re-elected for another five years. Both elections were heavily criticized by
the OSCE. In 2002, security forces were deployed against a demonstration held by
the opposition and five protesters were killed. In 2003, the opposition suffered
another defeat: a prominent independent newspaper that had published articles on
corruption among Kyrgyz officials was shut down, and Akayev, his family and
several senior officials were granted lifelong immunity from prosecution. At the
same time, poverty and unemployment spread, especially in the southern regions
of the country, and in 2005 60% of the population lived below the poverty line
defined by the UN. In February-March 2005, the blatant irregularities in the
parliamentary elections led to violent popular protests, the so-called "Tulip
Revolution". Akayev had to flee to Russia and withdraw. Parliament appointed the
former Prime MinisterKurmanbek Bakiyevto the Prime Minister and Acting
President, and in July 2005 he was elected President for five years with almost
89% of the vote. Before the election, he had promised his biggest rival, the
shortly before released Feliks Kulov, the prime minister post, and so it was. Bakiyev
quickly ran into difficulties with parliament and was faced with popular demands
to fight corruption and crime. Along with growing economic problems in the wake
of the international financial crisis, it caused tensions in the country to
rise. In April 2010, there were widespread riots in which protesters opened
fire. Many perished on both sides in the bloody street fights. After a few days
of unrest, the opposition took power in the country and President Bakiyev left
the capital, but initially refused to resign. After a few days he left the
country. In June 2010, violent riots broke out between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in the
south of the country, especially around Jalalabad and Osj. Several hundred were
and approximately 100,000 Uzbeks fled to Uzbekistan.
Externally, Kyrgyzstan is particularly dependent on Russia, whose interest in
the country has grown since President Akayev in the autumn of 2001 made the
Manas air base available to the US-led anti-terror coalition. Thus, in 2003,
Russian forces moved into the Kant air base, and Kyrgyzstan became Russia's
strategic ally. The US military presence is also of economic importance, as it
is estimated to contribute 7% to GDP. Kyrgyzstan must pay special attention to
Uzbekistan, which in 2005 put strong pressure on the country to send refugees
back from the unrest in the Uzbek city of Andijan in the Fergana
Valley. Furthermore, Uzbekistan has tightened border conditions; after the
ethnic unrest in 2010, relations were further strained. On the other hand,
relations with China are good; countries have concluded a border agreement.
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