Rwanda History

Rwanda - national flag

Rwanda - National Flag, The flag was introduced last day in 2001. It must represent national unity after the 1994 genocide. Therefore, there is nothing red and black in the flag as these colors are too reminiscent of blood and sorrow. Green stands for hope and prosperity, yellow for wealth, and light blue symbolizes happiness and peace. The sun and its golden rays stand for the light that guides all the people; they also symbolize unity and the fight against ignorance.

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Rwanda (History)

Rwanda (History), The area was first inhabited by twee, pygmies who lived as hunters and collectors. Later the Hutu immigrated, and about 1300-h. followed the first of the Tutsi people, as in 1400-t. founded a smaller kingdom near Kigali. The Tutsis, which partially subjugated the Hutu areas, are believed to have come from the north.

Throughout Rwanda's well-known history, the Hutu people have been in a state of persuasion, but the highly hierarchical Tutsi empire eventually came to include most of the country; the Hutus constituted the lower layers of a feudal-like social system and had to, among other things, perform forced labor for the Tutsis. Gradually, the concept of hutu came to cover low social status rather than ethnic affiliation. Thus, poor Tutsis could be termed Hutu, and powerful Huts Tutsi.

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Rwanda and Burundi was recognized by the Berlin Conference 1884-85 as German sphere of influence and became a province of German East Africa in 1899. Belgium conquered the area in 1916 and got it after the first World War awarded as mandated territory under the League of Nations. It was administered under the name of Ruanda-Urundi as part of the Belgian Congo.

The Belgian colonial authorities and missionaries regarded the Tutsis as a suitable elite through which to rule the colony. It helped to sharpen the ethnic divide; the Tutsimonarchy was strengthened and the Hutus discriminated against, for example, access to education and influence in the administration.

In 1959, the Hutus revolted under the leadership of the late President Kayibanda, and when the Belgians simultaneously shifted political course in relation to the two groups, the Tutsi king Kigeri 5. (b. 1938) had to flee. Thus, during a hut government, the independent republic of Rwanda was proclaimed in 1962. In connection with the uprising and a failed Tutsi invasion of Burundi after independence, 10,000-20,000 Tutsis were killed and more than 100,000 fled to neighboring countries.

In 1973, the Hutu General Habyarimana took power by a bloodless coup and introduced a one-party regime. Externally, his political line with the Tutsis appeared moderate, and he succeeded in improving relations with the Tutsi regime in Burundi and with the international community. In 1990, the Tutsidomined FPR, Rwanda's Patriotic Front, crossed the border from Uganda; The invasion was fought back by the government army, but was followed by a wave of political turmoil and violence in Rwanda. The following year, a democratic constitution was introduced, and peace talks with the FPR were initiated, among other things. with a view to ensuring the return of the exiles.

In April 1994, however, Habyarimana and Burundi’s president were killed when their aircraft were shot down outside Kigali. It was the start of a genocide that was apparently well prepared by leading groups in the government: the UN estimates that between $ 800,000 and $ 1 million. Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed within 100 days, while the UN and the rest of the international community remained passive. The FPR resumed the fight and in July 1994 was able to take over the capital and head a new government with Pasteur Bizimungu as president. The government then initiated a plan to restore democracy in the country in five years. FPR's offensive sent over $ 2 million. hutus on the run to neighboring countries Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Tanzania. An international UN tribunal has been established in Tanzania to carry out genocide processes, and a similar national court case is ongoing in Rwanda; in 1998, approximately 120,000 remain incarcerated. Due. internal power struggles, guerrilla guerrilla attacks in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwandan involvement in the war together, the government decided to extend the five-year transitional period by five years.

In 2003, the first democratic elections were held; FPR candidate Paul Kagame, who had taken over the presidential post in 2000, won by 95% of the vote. At the simultaneous parliamentary elections, FPR and its allies won 40 out of 53 seats. The elections marked the end of a nine-year transition period to full democracy. However, there is still internal and international criticism that the government does not fully live up to its own democratic goals; there are doubts about the election result, and it is criticized that opposition parties and non-governmental civil organizations have been banned, and that political opponents have been imprisoned. former President Bizimungo. There is also (2006) no definitive solution with regard to the Hutu militias operating in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.

In 2009, Rwanda joined The Commonwealth of Nations. In 2010, Kagame regained the presidential post, gaining over 90% of the vote. Under his leadership, Rwanda has seen economic progress, but Kagame has also been accused of suppressing the opposition. Kagame has worked for French to be replaced with English as the official language of instruction and work; this was adopted in 2012.