Tanzania - national flag
Tanzania - national flag, The flag was officially introduced in 1964. It is a
combination of two party flag colors: green and black from TANU in Tanganyika,
and green, black and blue from the Afro-Shirazi Party in Zanzibar. At the
merger of the two states in 1964, the colors were combined diagonally so that
neither of them took precedence. The added yellow stripes should symbolize
mineral richness. The green color stands for the land, the black for the people,
the blue for both Zanzibar and the sea.
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Tanzania - history
Tanzania - history, approximately 2 million year old fossilized human remains have been
found in the Olduvai Gorge in Northern Tanzania. Immigration of
Cushitic-speaking people, probably from the Ethiopian Highlands, began
approximately 1000 BC About 500 AD agronomic Bantu groups from the south and west,
and cattle nomadic nilots (ancestors of the Masai) from the north began to
gradually populate the country. Both ethnic and territorial boundaries have been
constantly changing, and the division of the population into approximately 120
permanently delineated tribes are largely the result of European colonial
politics.
Already in the 1st century AD there were trade contacts to Arabia. From the
end of the 1400-t. the coast was defeated by the Portuguese, who had supremacy
until the mid-1600's, when Oman secured control. European contacts with
Tanganyika had long been confined to the coastal towns which arose in connection
with the slave and ivory trade in particular. Only during the 1800's. European
explorers explored the interior of the country, and in the same period began
Christian missionary activities.
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the world, such as TZA which represents the official name of Tanzania.
Oman's ruler Said ibn Sultan moved approximately 1840 its capital to Zanzibar. The
island became an independent sultanate in 1861, but eventually lost its
power. After strong pressure on the Sultan, the slave trade was formally
abolished in 1873. In the following years Zanzibar lost its holdings on the
mainland, and in 1890 the island became a British protectorate.
Presidents |
1962-85 |
Julius Nyerere |
1985-95 |
Ali Hassan Mwinyi |
1995-2005 |
Benjamin Mkapa |
2005-15 |
Jakaya Kikwete |
2015 |
John Magufuli |
On the mainland, through the broadcast, Carl Peters' agreements with local
chiefs had acquired a number of possessions in 1884; they became the year after
the first part of the rapidly growing German East Africa. The Germans based the
economy of Tanganyika on plantation operations with widespread use of forced
laborers. In addition, they introduced forced cultivation of cotton in
particular on Africans' own use. The German colonial power repeatedly met with
strong opposition, among other things. from the hehe people of the late
1890's and in the Maji-maji rebellion (1905-08) that were brutally fought and
cost hundreds of thousands of Africans their lives.

Tanganyika became a British protectorate after World War I. The indirect
colonial rule of the British created some internal contradictions, but did not
lead to organized rebellion, though much of the most fertile land was eventually
granted to European immigrants. After World War II, the forerunners of the first
political parties were formed. Tanganyika African National Union, TANU, founded
by Julius Nyerere in 1954, gained an overwhelming majority in the 1958 and 1959
elections, paving the way for the peaceful transition to independence in 1961
with Nyerere as prime minister. The following year he became the country's first
president.
The Sultanate of Zanzibar regained independence in 1963, but as early as 1964
an uprising, led by the Afro-Shirazi Socialist Party, ASP, led to the Sultan's
expulsion. That same year, Zanzibar and Tanganyika united under the name of
Tanzania and with Nyerere as president and ASP leader, Abeid Karume, as vice
president. However, a thorough integration of the two countries was never
achieved and the authoritarian Karume retained the power of the semi-autonomous
Zanzibar until he was assassinated in 1972. Tanzania was from the beginning a
one-party state with TANU as the only permitted party, ASP in Zanzibar
excepted. In 1977, the two parties joined forces with Chama Cha Mapinduzi, CCM
('Revolutionary Party').
In 1967, Nyerere formulated his ideology in the Arusha Declaration. The goal
was to create a Tanzania based on self-help, community (Ujamaa) and
African socialism. The declaration was followed by extensive nationalizations of
foreign-owned businesses and plantations, and the rural population gathered in
large Ujamaa villages. In particular in the social and educational spheres, the
policy produced some results, but among other things. village collections failed
and Tanzania remained poor. In 1985, Nyerere retired; his successor, Ali Hassan
Mwinyi (b. 1925), faced international pressure for reform, after which Tanzania
again began to receive substantial loans and development assistance. Similarly,
following strong international pressure, the one-party system was abolished, and
in 1995 the first multi-party elections were held since independence. CCM won a
convincing victory and the party's candidate, Benjamin Mkapa, became president.
Reforms in Tanzania have boosted parts of the economy, but also led to
growing corruption and created great social inequality. Despite tensions between
the mainland and Zanzibar as well as internally in Zanzibar, Tanzania has so far
been one of Africa's most stable and peaceful countries. In 2000, Mkapa was
re-elected with 72% of the vote. However, after the election there was political
unrest in Zanzibar. CCM also won the election in 2005 and the party's candidate,
Jakaya Kikwete, was elected as new president. At the 2010 election, he retained
the presidential post.
Tanzania - economy
Tanzania economy When Tanganyika became independent in 1961, the
agriculture-based economy was underdeveloped and the education system
neglected; this was the background to the Arusha Declaration in 1967. The
creation of Ujamaa villages, nationalization of industry and financial
business, building a well-functioning education and health sector as well as a
general orientation towards "socialism and self-confidence" became the
cornerstones of the development model. In the period up to the end of the 1970's,
welfare increased, too. because Tanzania received significant financial support,
not least from China and the Scandinavian countries.
However, large current account deficits and large borrowing requirements led
to heavy indebtedness abroad. After the second oil crisis in 1979, when the
international borrowing rate dropped drastically, Tanzania faced so much trouble
that in the mid-1980's the country had to apply for financial support from the
International Monetary Fund. The counterclaim was a tightening of economic
policy, devaluations and sweeping structural reforms. This has gradually
resulted in the economy being liberalized and state enterprises privatized, and
foreigners being given the opportunity to make direct investments in the
country. In 1998, a stock exchange was opened in Dar es Salaam.
Despite the reform policy, economic growth during the 1990's could only keep
pace with population growth, just as Tanzania failed to change its basic social
structure. The government deficit and inflation are moderate, but the economy
remains predominantly based on underdeveloped agriculture and on support from
abroad, which corresponds to approximately 25% of the country's total production
value. The economic growth of approximately 6% per year since 2000 is largely derived
from aid. To reduce this dependence, the government has given a wider production
base a high priority, not least in the form of an expansion of the mining
industry. In addition, efforts are being made to improve the business climate
through increased efforts against the growing corruption and infrastructure
expansion; for example, the electricity supply fluctuates with the precipitation
amounts.
Unstable export revenues due to fluctuating world commodity prices are a
major reason why Tanzania has not been able to reverse the external balance
sheet development and, despite debt relief from the Paris Club, is one of the
most indebted in the world in terms of payment ability. The foreign trade, which
is geographically dispersed and very small, shows a marked deficit. The main
trading partners are China, South Africa and India. Denmark's exports to
Tanzania totaled DKK 49 million in 2005. Imports therefrom were DKK 9
million. Tanzania has for a number of years been Denmark's most important aid
partner; The appropriation for 2005 was DKK 443 million. kr.
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