Republic of the Congo History

Congo – national flag

Congo National Flag, The Flag was adopted in 1959. The three Pan-African colors, green, yellow and red, used in diagonal stripes are used to separate the flag from the flags of other African states with the same colors. 1969-91, the Marxist-Leninist government used a red flag with star, hammer and pick.

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Congo history

According to a2zgov, the Pygmies are probably Congo’s original residents, but few and uncertain testimonies from the earliest history are known. The Bantu people immigrated from approximately 1300-t. and established significant kingdoms; most important, the Kingdom, had its center in present-day Angola.

Even before the arrival of the Portuguese around 1500, several of the kingdoms participated in slave hunts, and the Portuguese established trade contacts with them without proper colonization. Téke and Loango were most important among the small coastal kingdoms that mediated the slave trade. In the next almost 400 years, an estimated 10-15 million were carried out. slaves from this part of Central Africa.

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From the mid-1800’s. the European interest also included rubber and palm oil, and the first French trading houses were awarded contracts with Téke and Loango shortly after Savorgnan de Brazza’s great voyage of discovery in 1875-78. French interests on the coast were secured in a race with the English, for whom HM Stanley had explored the whole Congo River at the same time.

The French Congo colony was established in 1891 and the area was quickly transferred to private concessions. In 1910, Congo was joined by Gabon and the present Central African Republic to French Equatorial Africa. The entire area was left to private interests operating in free lawlessness, and developments in French Equatorial Africa are among the darkest chapters in colonial history. It is estimated that more than 90% of the original population was exterminated 1898-1930 when concession policy was completed.

Several appalling reports of the colonial exiles reached France and caused great resurrection. The government sent de Brazza to the Congo to investigate the situation, but he died on the way back in 1905 without reporting, and history is forgotten. It was not until 1946 that the right to arbitrary discharge of forced labor was abolished, which was one of the main causes of the fatal development in the country.

The brutal colonial history led, among other things, that after the independence in 1960, the Congo was marked by strongly anti-colonialist and revolutionary movements. The first French inmate, Fulbert Youlou, was ousted after extensive riots in August 1963, and the following years were marked by Marxist-Leninist governments orienting the country toward the Soviet Union and Cuba.

Since 1989, political development has been less marked by ideology and principles than by practical development and international cooperation. with France. The country’s significant and rising oil production has obviously contributed to this. In 1992, the country’s first democratic presidential election, which was won by Pascal Lissouba (b. 1931), was held.

In 1997, after years of political turmoil, the country was thrown into a civil war, culminating in the former president, Denis Sassou-Nguesso, with the help of Angolan troops carrying out a coup and ousting the president. In the following years, the country moved on the brink of civil war. Especially in the spring of 1999 there were many fights.

The main opponents were three militia: the president’s militia, called Cobra, the former president of Lissouba’s militia, called Zulu/Cocoye, and a third militia, Ninjas. The fighting took place especially around the capital, Brazzaville. In March 2002, a multi-party and presidential election, which Sassou-Nguesso won with approximately 90% of the votes. However, two of his main opponents were not allowed to stand. Immediately after the election, the fighting broke out again, and the following year peace talks were quiet. They were resumed in 2004, when the parties entered into a ceasefire. However, the peace process was only slow.

The Civil War cost tens of thousands of dead, and in 1997 it forced 800,000 to leave their homes. The country’s economic development stopped, the railroad between Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire was out of service, and the utilization of the country’s forest resources stopped. However, offshore oil production continued unimpeded.

In 2009, Sassou-Nguesso was re-elected for another seven-year term; however, the opposition boycotted the election.